Nepal is usually read as a balancing problem between two large neighbours. That frame elevates announcements and alignments, and it cannot see the step where any of it becomes a road, a clinic, a job or a functioning municipal office.
The observatory's reading is that external connectivity is expanding faster than domestic institutions can convert it. Transit geography does not become productive connectivity without logistics, standards and a domestic supply response — and a country can be well connected while remaining poorly integrated.
The same conversion problem recurs inside the country. Local governments hold extensive climate and service responsibilities that are not always matched by finance, capability or risk data, while outward migration removes working-age capacity and stabilizes households at the same time.